ACL Tear

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Anatomy

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the major ligaments of the knee that is in the middle of the knee and runs from the femur (thighbone) to the tibia (shinbone). It prevents the tibia from sliding out in front of the femur. Together with the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), it provides rotational stability to the knee.

How Does an ACL Tear?

An ACL injury is a sports-related injury that occur when the knee is forcefully twisted or hyperextended. An ACL tear usually occurs with an abrupt directional change with the foot fixed on the ground or when the deceleration force crosses the knee. Changing direction rapidly, stopping suddenly, slowing down while running, landing from a jump incorrectly, and direct contact or collision, such as a football tackle can also cause injury to the ACL.

Symptoms of an ACL Tear

When you injure your ACL, you may hear a “pop” sound and you may feel as though the knee has given way. Within the first two hours after injury, your knee will swell and you may have a buckling sensation in the knee during twisting movements.

Diagnosis of an ACL Tear

Diagnosis of an ACL tear is made by reviewing your symptoms and medical history, and performing a physical examination of the knee. Other diagnostic tests such as X-rays, MRI scans, stress tests of the ligament and arthroscopy may also be ordered to confirm on the tear.

Treatments for an ACL Tear

Treatment options include both non-surgical and surgical methods.

Non-surgical treatments for an ACL Tear

If the overall stability of the knee is intact, your doctor may recommend nonsurgical methods such as

• Rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE protocol); all assist in controlling pain and swelling.
• Physical therapy may be recommended to improve knee motion and strength.
• A knee brace may be needed to help immobilize your knee.

Surgical Treatments for an ACL Tear

Young athletes involved in pivoting sports will most likely require surgery to safely return to sports. The usual surgery for an ACL tear is an ACL reconstruction which tightens your knee and restores its stability. Surgery to reconstruct an ACL is done with an arthroscope using small incisions. Your doctor will replace the torn ligament with a tissue graft that can be obtained from your knee (patellar tendon) or hamstring muscle. Following ACL reconstruction, a rehabilitation program is started to help you to resume a wider range of activities.